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Capacity limitation of nuclear units in grid based on analysis of frequency regulation

Yiping DAI, Pan JIANG, Lin GAO, Weimin KAN, Xiaoqing XIAO, Ge JIN

《能源前沿（英文）》 2012年第6卷第2期页码 148-154 doi: 10.1007/s11708-012-0174-1

摘要： The increasing capacity of nuclear units in power grid poses threat to system stability and security. Load disturbance may cause overspeed of the units and trigger the overspeed protection controller (OPC). Repeating actions of valves have a strong impact on the security of the equipment and may result in a collapse of the power system. Based on the analysis of frequency regulation, mathematic models for nuclear units in the grid are established in this paper to simulate the dynamic process when load disturbance occurs. The critical action of the OPC is proposed as the constraint of safe operation for the units. The relationship between different styles of frequency regulation and the allowable capacity of the nuclear units in the grid is discussed. This research can help to estimate the capacity limitation of nuclear units in the grid.

关键词： nuclear units capacity overspeed primary frequency control (PFC) second frequency control (SFC)

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Reliability prediction and its validation for nuclear power units in service

Jinyuan SHI,Yong WANG

《能源前沿（英文）》 2016年第10卷第4期页码 479-488 doi: 10.1007/s11708-016-0425-7

摘要： In this paper a novel method for reliability prediction and validation of nuclear power units in service is proposed. The equivalent availability factor is used to measure the reliability, and the equivalent availability factor deducting planed outage hours from period hours and maintenance factor are used for the measurement of inherent reliability. By statistical analysis of historical reliability data, the statistical maintenance factor and the undetermined parameter in its numerical model can be determined. The numerical model based on the maintenance factor predicts the equivalent availability factor deducting planed outage hours from period hours, and the planed outage factor can be obtained by using the planned maintenance days. Using these factors, the equivalent availability factor of nuclear power units in the following 3 years can be obtained. Besides, the equivalent availability factor can be predicted by using the historical statistics of planed outage factor and the predicted equivalent availability factor deducting planed outage hours from period hours. The accuracy of the reliability prediction can be evaluated according to the comparison between the predicted and statistical equivalent availability factors. Furthermore, the reliability prediction method is validated using the nuclear power units in North American Electric Reliability Council (NERC) and China. It is found that the relative errors of the predicted equivalent availability factors for nuclear power units of NERC and China are in the range of –2.16% to 5.23% and –2.15% to 3.71%, respectively. The method proposed can effectively predict the reliability index in the following 3 years, thus providing effective reliability management and maintenance optimization methods for nuclear power units.

关键词： nuclear power units in service reliability reliability prediction equivalent availability factors

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Optimizing iodine capture performance by metal–organic framework containing with bipyridine units

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2023年第17卷第4期页码 395-403 doi: 10.1007/s11705-022-2218-3

摘要： Radioactive iodine exhibits medical values in radiology, but its excessive emissions can cause environmental pollution. Thus, the capture of radioiodine poses significant engineering for the environment and medical radiology. The adsorptive capture of radioactive iodine by metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) has risen to prominence. In this work, a Th-based MOF (denoted as Th-BPYDC) was structurally designed and synthesized, consisting of [Th₆(μ₃-O)₄(μ₃-OH)₄(H₂O)₆]¹²⁺ clusters, abundant bipyridine units, and large cavities that allowed guest molecules diffusion and transmission. Th-BPYDC exhibited the uptake capacities of 2.23 g·g⁻¹ and 312.18 mg·g⁻¹ towards I₂ vapor and I₂ dissolved in cyclohexane, respectively, surpassing its corresponding analogue Th-UiO-67. The bipyridine units boosted the adsorption performance, and Th-BPYDC showed good reusability with high stability. Our work thus opened a new way for the synthesis of MOFs to capture radioactive iodine.

关键词： metal–organic framework iodine adsorption nuclear waste environmental remediation

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Energy conservation in China’s coal-fired power industry by installing advanced units and organized phasing

Weiliang WANG, Junfu LYU, Zheng LI, Hai ZHANG, Guangxi YUE, Weidou NI

《能源前沿（英文）》 2019年第13卷第4期页码 798-807 doi: 10.1007/s11708-019-0633-z

摘要： Coal-fired power is the main power source and the biggest contributor to energy conservation in the past several decades in China. It is generally believed that advanced technology should be counted on for energy conservation. However, a review of the decline in the national average net coal consumption rate (NCCR) of China’s coal-fired power industry along with its development over the past few decades indicates that the up-gradation of the national unit capacity structure (including installing advanced production and phasing out backward production) plays a more important role. A quantitative study on the effect of the unit capacity structure up-gradation on the decline in the national average NCCR suggests that phasing out backward production is the leading factor for the decline in the NCCR in the past decade, followed by the new installation, whose sum contributes to approximately 80% of the decline in the national average NCCR. The new installation has an effective affecting period of about 8 years, during which it would gradually decline from a relatively high value. Since the effect of phasing out backward production may remain at a certain degree given a continual action of phasing out backward capacity, it is suggested that the organized action of phasing out backward production should be insisted on.

关键词： coal-fired power energy conservation net coal consumption rate new installation phasing out backward production unit capacity structure

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Pragmatic multi-stage simulated annealing for optimal placement of synchrophasor measurement units in

Pathirikkat GOPAKUMAR,M. JAYA BHARATA REDDY,Dusmata Kumar MOHANTA

《能源前沿（英文）》 2015年第9卷第2期页码 148-161 doi: 10.1007/s11708-015-0344-z

摘要： Conventional power grids across the globe are reforming to smart power grids with cutting edge technologies in real time monitoring and control methods. Advanced real time monitoring is facilitated by incorporating synchrophasor measurement units such as phasor measurement units (PMUs) to the power grid monitoring system. Several physical and economic constraints limit the deployment of PMUs in smart power grids. This paper proposes a pragmatic multi-stage simulated annealing (PMSSA) methodology for finding the optimal locations in the smart power grid for installing PMUs in conjunction with existing conventional measurement units (CMUs) to achieve a complete observability of the grid. The proposed PMSSA is much faster than the conventional simulated annealing (SA) approach as it utilizes controlled uphill and downhill movements during various stages of optimization. Moreover, the method of integrating practical phasor measurement unit (PMU) placement conditions like PMU channel limits and redundant placement can be easily handled. The efficacy of the proposed methodology has been validated through simulation studies in IEEE standard bus systems and practical regional Indian power grids.

关键词： phasor measurement units (PMUs) pragmatic PMU placement simulated annealing (SA) western region Indian power grid (WRIPG)

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Distribution and potential ecological risk of heavy metals in the typical eco-units of Haihe River Basin

Jingling LIU,Tao YANG,Qiuying CHEN,Feng LIU,Binbin WANG

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2016年第10卷第1期页码 103-113 doi: 10.1007/s11783-014-0686-5

摘要： The distribution and characteristics of seven heavy metals in sediments located in the typical ecological units (eco-units) (e.g., rivers, lakes, and estuaries) of Haihe River Basin were analyzed. The Hakanson potential ecological risk index was used for ecological risk assessment. The results indicated that the concentration scales of As, Hg, Cr, Cd, Pb, Cu, and Zn in the eco-units were 2.08 to 24.80 mg·g , 0.01 to 1135.50 mg·g , 28.70 to 152.73 mg·g , 0.03 to 195765.83 mg·g , 8.65 to 157.82 mg·g , 6.47 to 178.61 mg·g , and 21.09 to 1076.25 mg·g , respectively. The maximum concentrations of Hg, Cd, and Zn showed higher levels than other water bodies around the world. Hg and Cd have high concentrations in Zhangweinanhe River (1135.50 and 195765.83 mg·g , respectively) and Haihe Estuary (790.50 and 548.47 mg·g , respectively). According to the ecological factor, Cd and Hg showed very strong ecological risks. The seven heavy metals, namely, Cd, Hg, As, Cr, Pb, Cu, and Zn, exhibited ecological risk levels in descending order. Based on the potential ecological risk index, Luanhe River and Baiyangdian Lake had moderate ecological risks, whereas every site in Zhangweinanhe River and Haihe Estuary had substantial risk levels. The risk order of the typical eco-units are as follows: Zhangweinan River (2278345.68)>Estuary (161914.74)>Luanhe River (191.54)>Baiyangdian Lake (120.95). These results provided a scientific basis for water environment improvement and risk management of the Haihe River Basin.

关键词： Haihe River Basin ecological risk eco-units heavy metals

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Special issue: innovative nuclear energy technology

《能源前沿（英文）》 2021年第15卷第4期页码 791-792 doi: 10.1007/s11708-021-0794-4

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Optimal operation of energy at hydrothermal power plants by simultaneous minimization of pollution and costs using improved ABC algorithm

Homayoun EBRAHIMIAN,Bahman TAHERI,Nasser YOUSEFI

《能源前沿（英文）》 2015年第9卷第4期页码 426-432 doi: 10.1007/s11708-015-0376-4

摘要： The aim of this paper is simultaneous minimization of hydrothermal units to reach the best solution by employing an improved artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm in a multi-objective function consisting of economic dispatch (ED) considering the valve-point effect and pollution function in power systems in view of the hot water of the hydro system. In this type of optimization problem, all practical constraints of units were taken into account as much as possible in order to comply with the reality. These constraints include the maximum and minimum output power of units, the constraints caused by the balance between supply and demand, the impact of pollution, water balance, uneven production curve considering the valve-point effect and system losses. The proposed algorithm is applied on the studied system, and the obtained results indifferent operating conditions are analyzed. To investigate in various operating conditions, different load profiles in 12 h are taken into account. The obtained results are compared with those of the other methods including the genetic algorithm (GA), the Basu technique, and the improved genetic algorithm. Fast convergence is one of this improved algorithm features.

关键词： practical constraints of units pollution function inlet steam valve up-ramp rate of units improved ABC algorithm

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An old issue and a new challenge for nuclear reactor safety

F. D’AURIA

《能源前沿（英文）》 2021年第15卷第4期页码 854-859 doi: 10.1007/s11708-021-0729-0

摘要： Nuclear reactor safety (NRS) and the branch accident analysis (AA) constitute proven technologies: these are based on, among the other things, long lasting research and operational experience in the area of water cooled nuclear reactors (WCNR). Large break loss of coolant accident (LBLOCA) has been, so far, the orienting scenario within AA and a basis for the design of reactors. An incomplete vision for those technologies during the last few years is as follows: Progress in fundamentals was stagnant, namely in those countries where the WCNR were designed. Weaknesses became evident, noticeably in relation to nuclear fuel under high burn-up. Best estimate plus uncertainty (BEPU) techniques were perfected and available for application. Electronic and informatics systems were in extensive use and their impact in case of accident becomes more and more un-checked (however, quite irrelevant in case of LBLOCA). The time delay between technological discoveries and applications was becoming longer. The present paper deals with the LBLOCA that is inserted into the above context. Key conclusion is that regulations need suitable modification, rather than lowering the importance and the role of LBLOCA. Moreover, strengths of emergency core cooling system (ECCS) and containment need a tight link.

关键词： large break loss of coolant accident (LBLOCA) nuclear reactor safety (NRS) licensing perspectives basis for design of water cooled nuclear reactors (WCNR)

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三峡工程巨型水轮发电机组设计与实践

邵建雄,刘景旺,袁达夫

《中国工程科学》 2011年第13卷第7期页码 104-110

摘要：

分析了三峡水轮发电机组设计中必须考虑的主要问题；总结了所进行的关键技术研究；通过关键技术问题研究，使得三峡水轮发电机组参数达到最优化。机组运行结果表明三峡水轮发电机组性能良好，能够长期安全、稳定、高效运行，从而有效地验证了对三峡巨型水轮发电机组的总体技术设计是科学合理的。

关键词：三峡工程 700 MW级水电机组单机容量设计研究运行稳定性实践

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Occurrence and migration of microplastics and plasticizers in different wastewater and sludge treatment units

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2022年第16卷第11期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-022-1577-9

摘要：

● Reduce the quantifying MPs time by using Nile red staining.

关键词： Microplastics Municipal wastewater treatment plant Phthalate esters Thermal hydrolysis

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让核技术为国家可持续发展再创辉煌

杜祥琬

《中国工程科学》 2008年第10卷第1期页码 9-11

摘要：

概述了对核科学技术发展及应用方向的认识，包括核技术与能源、核技术与医疗卫生、核分析技术、核辐射技术、宇航与航海核动力等5个方面，讨论了它们对国家可持续发展的意义。概括了核科学技术发展的三部曲及发展前景。

关键词：核科学核技术核工程可持续发展

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中法关于核能与环境的联合研究 Feature Article

赵宪庚, 叶其蓁, Sébastien Candel, Dominique Vignon, Robert Guillaumont

《工程（英文）》 2023年第26卷第7期页码 159-172 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2023.04.011

摘要：

本文聚焦核能的环境影响问题，将解决如下核能发电相关的主要环境问题：①控制正常运行条件下核设施的放射性排放，评估其非放射性环境影响（取水与非放射性水的排放）；②乏燃料与放射性废物的长期管理，主要是通过地质处置库处理的乏燃料或放射性废物；③防止和缓解严重核事故以及核事故的放射性释放；④改善核安全水平，以限制核能的环境影响，提升公众的核能接受度。核能的温室气体排放水平非常低，可以根据需求供应大规模、可调度电力，在此方面核能具有独特的优势。在正常运行工况下，核电站每年释放到周围公众的有效辐射剂量可以忽略不计。国际社会已经开展了大量的努力，以确定可持续管理地质处置条件下高放长寿命放射性废物的方法。过去几次严重核事故中获得的经验为核能生产相关的安全问题提供了经验，也促成了重要的安全改进，其中包括反应堆的设计和运行管理方面的改善以及事故管理指导方针的制定等。事实证明，这些经验是非常宝贵的。严重事故的环境风险已经被大幅降低，相关的规约也已经建立起来，以最大限度地减少严重核事故条件下放射性物质的释放，并避免大规模的人员疏散。还需要继续采取措施，改善反应堆的安全性，提升核工业与核监管机构的透明度，以进一步降低核能的环境影响。

关键词：核能环境影响放射性废物管理严重核事故核安全

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中国核电的可持续发展

赵仁恺

《中国工程科学》 2000年第2卷第10期页码 33-41

摘要：

文章阐述了核能是可持续发展的能源，是我国未来国民经济发展的重要支柱的论点，分析了国际核电发展现状，我国核电发展的方针政策、技术路线、现状以及共同关心的几个问题：铀资源问题、核安全问题、核废料问题和核电国产化问题，展望了我国核电发展的前景，并提出了建议：我国核电站应以现有压水堆核电站为基础，实现国产化、标准化、系列化；快中子增殖堆在我国核电建设中占有十分重要的地位，应大力支持、促进；尽快开始乏燃料后处理厂及其配套设施的建设。

关键词：核能铀资源核安全核废料国产化

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Oocyte-associated transcription factors in reprogramming after somatic cell nuclear transfer: a review

Fengxia YIN,Hui LIU,Shorgan BOU,Guangpeng LI

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2014年第1卷第2期页码 104-113 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2014003

摘要： Oocytes are unique cells with the inherent capability to reprogram nuclei. The reprogramming of the somatic nucleus from its original cellular state to a totipotent state is essential for term development after somatic cell nuclear transfer. The nuclear-associated factors contained within oocytes are critical for normal fertilization by sperm or for somatic cell nuclear reprogramming. The chromatin of somatic nuclei can be reprogrammed by factors in the egg cytoplasm whose natural function is to reprogram sperm chromatin. The oocyte first obtains its reprogramming capability in the early fetal follicle, and then its capacity is enriched in the late growth phase and reaches its highest capability for reprogramming as fully-grown germinal vesicle oocytes. The cytoplasmic milieu most likely contains all of the specific transcription and/or reprogramming factors necessary for cellular reprogramming. Certain transcription factors in the cytoplast may be critical as has been demonstrated for induced pluripotent stem cells. The maternal pronucleus exerts a predominant, transcription-dependent effect on embryo cytofragmentation, with a lesser effect imposed by the ooplasm and the paternal pronucleus. With deep analysis of transcriptomics in oocytes and early developmental stage embryos more maternal transcription factors inducing cellular reprogramming will be identified.

关键词： nuclear reprogramming somatic cell transcription factors transcriptomics